Russia+and+China

- Rural discontent = crucial; peasants provided vital contributions to 20th century revolutions - Pressures of population growth + resentment against big landownders = Spurred peasants - Rise of revolutionary movements = fed by undelrying disruptions caused by the spread of the Industrial Revolution and the western-centered global market system - African and Asian secondary school/college graduated = deeply commited to struggles for independence that promised proper jobs and dignity. - War veterans return and expose weaknesses of imperial powers, after seeing their defeats on battlefield - Revolutionary ideaologies sought to overthrow existing regimes that were viewed as exploitive and oppressive but were also deeply commited to building radically new socities that would bring justice - Visions of good life and workers utopias = powerful driving force for revolutionary currents - Final ingredient = need to come terms to Western influence and reasssertion of greater national autonomy. - Mexico, Russia. China = sought to reduce Western economic control and cultural influence.
 * 1. Read In Depth p.684 take brief notes and answer the questions (5 points)**

1. The governments of Mexico and China = weakened by forces such as big land ownders and modern state taxes against the peasants = ^^ 2. Key groups behind revoltuions = educated middle class, war veterans peasants, urban laborers. They were important because they fueled most of the passion and rage against their oppressers and the educated "elite" gave insight to weaknesses and vulnerabilities. 3. All of them started out with anger, and then rationalized into proper plans and formations, the people were unified under one cause, and worked together to repel Western influence.



** Russia **

**2. Take outline notes on Russia (25 points)**

Revolution in Russia p681-685 - March 17: strikes and food riots = break out in St. Petersburg o Spurred by wartime misery, painful food shortages - Soviet (council of workers) took over city government and arrested tsar’s ministers - Russia = set off revolution on similar grounds as the French - Alexander Kerensky, and other Russian liberal revolutionary leaders = eager to see genuine parliamentary rule, and other religious freedoms and a host of political and legal changes but liberalism = not deeply rooted in Russia - Nation = war weary - November = second revolution took place, radical Bolshevik wing of Social Democratic party put in power and was shortly thereafter named the Communist party, w/  o Lenin = dynamic chief § Quickly gained strong position among urban workers’ councils in major cities § Pushed that people did not Western influenced two party system, introduced system of communism § Western powers = appalled § Two immediate problems after apprehension of power: · Lands in humiliating peace treaty with Germany, a lot were lost, Russia = ignored · Internal affairs, disputes, conflicts o Workers revolted in cities threatening regimes’ obvious social base as well as its ideological mainstay - Leon Trotsky o Recruited able generals and masses of loyal conscripts o Established Red Army § Beneficiary of two ongoing sources of strength for communist Russia o New Economic Policy § Promised considerable freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners o Moscow = new capital of Bolshevik revolution o Union of Soviet Socialist Republics o Supreme Soviet § Had many trappings of a parliament and was elected by universal suffrage - Communist party encouraged all sorts of subsidiary organizations o Workers = able to influence management practices o Women’s leaders helped carve legal equality and new educational/work opportunities for their constituents § Literacy = gained ground quickly § New educational system = bent on reshaping popular culture away from older peasant traditions - Lenin = ill and then died = created unexpected leadership gap o Number of key lieutenants = tried for power o Stalin = take charge and emerged as undisrupted leader of Soviet state § Accession to power = personal bureaucratic issue - Comintern aka Communist International office o set up encouraged by communist parties in west - collectivization program o Stalin accelerated industrial development while attacking peasant land ownership

Stalinism in the Soviet Union p698-703 - Soviet leaders made much of nation’s ongoing industrial growth while Western economies collapsed - Stalin devoted himself to a double task: to make the Soviet Union a fully industrial society and to do so under full control of the state rather than through private initiative and individual ownership of producing property - Collectivization o meant the creation of large state run farms instead of individual holdings o allowed more efficient control over peasants o Laborers initially welcomed opportunity but most kulaks refused to cooperate and destroyed livestock and other property o Famine = resulted in Stalin’s stubbornness o Agricultural production = weakness in Soviet economy - Five year plans o Set clear priorities for industrial development o Government conducted massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power to make Soviet Union = industrial country o Increasing numbers of people = crowded into cities and cramped, parallels to Western industrialization - Socialist Realism o Dominant school and emphasized heroic idealizations of workers, soldiers, and peasants o Science = controlled by government o Stalin = combined industrialization program with new intensification of government police procedures o Hitler’s totalitarian state attempted and surpassed

Eastern Europe after WWII p750-759 - Soviet foreign policy o Traditional interest in expansion o Playing active role in European diplomacy o Desire to regain tsarist boundaries - Soviet industrialization and WWII push westward = emergence as world power - Soviet = able to gain some lands in northern Pacific - Soviet Union developed increasing worldwide influence with trade and cultural missions no all inhabited continents and military alliances - Berlin Wall o Soviet built and was used to create border of Eastern Europe, barbed wire fences and armed patrols kept people in  - Soviet control over Eastern Europe = loosened slightly but repression cost a lot - Soviets retained military presence deep in Europe - Stalinist system remained intact during initial postwar years - Stalin’s political structure continued to emphasize central controls and omnipresent party bureaucracy - Soviet government = impressive new product, not just renewal of tsarist autocracy - Government = launched war against the church - Soviet state = continued to attack modern Western styles of art and literature - Destalinization created by Stalin and sustained after WWII = put to major test - Results gradually loosened Stalinist cultural isolation - Nikita Khrushchev o Emerged from committee pack to gain primary power without seeking to match Stalin’s eminence o Attacked Stalinism for its concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship o Condemned Stalin for treatment of political opponents o Fall from power

Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s p841-847 - Mikhail Gorbachev o Younger official and quickly renewed earlier attacks on Stalinist rigidity o Replaced old-line party bureaucrats - Glasnost o Policy of openness o Implied new mew freedom to comment and criticize o Pressured particularly for a reduction in bureaucratic inefficiency and unproductive labor in the Soviet economy - Perestroika o Economic restructuring o Aka leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture - Dismantling of Soviet Empire o The Berlin Wall = breached, West and East Germany meet in 1989 - Boris Yeltsin o Leaders of major republics, along with Yeltsin, proclaimed the end of leading republics including the economically crucial Ukraine

3. Complete a leadership analysis of //__either__// Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin or Nikita Khrushchev (5 points)

Nikita Khrushchev || 1894 - 1971 || Title: Chairman of Council of Ministers || Russia || Years in Power ||
 * Name of Leader:
 * Lifespan
 * Country/region:
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power

- Stalin = role of power in Russia, Stalinism - Economy = industry based, 5 Years Plan, Collectivization - Population = ^^ - Social Realism Schools ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:

- Opposed Stalin’s rigidness - Concentrated on steering away from arbitrary dictatorship - Wanted Russia to surpass Western counterpart ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power

- Cultivated newly opened Siberian lands - Cuban missiles = installed - policy of co-existence = promoted by removing Cuban missles - Sputnik = launched, first space satellite sent up ion 1957 - Active sports program = maintained ||
 * Short-Term effects:

- Sputnik put Russia on top, but US = overpass || Long-Term Effects

- Agriculture ||

4. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points)**

Russia in an attempt to continuisoly better their government had experimented with communism and then democracy. - Political reforms - Bureaucratics system = continuity The Russian political system harbored a strong bureaucracy and enforced political reforms, however, Russia emerged as a liberal democracy when Boris Yeltsin proclaimed the end of the Soviet Union regime in 1991.
 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present

**﻿Between +, ___ experienced (many/few) changes in__. The most important changes were ___,___, and ___. Despite these changes there were (few/many) continuities such as__ _, ___, and__ _.** In Russian Society from 1914 on, women gained more rights.
 * Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present

Between 1914 to today, Russia experienced

 - Industrialization, plans = developed leaders strong cdcvcx 

China

**5. Take outline notes on China from 1912-Present (20 points)**
 * Toward Revolution in China 685-689
 * Mao’s China and Beyond 823-830

TOWARD REVOLUTION IN CHINA · The fall of the Qing = opened way for an extended struggle over which ladder or movement would be able to capture the mandate to rule China · Best-positioned contenders for power = regionally based military commanders or warlords who would dominate Chinese politics for the next three decades · Yuan Shikai o Hoped to seize the vacated Manchu throne and found a new dynasty o Merchants and bankers of coastal cities like Shanghai made up second power center in post-Manchu China, involvement in politics resulted from their willingness to bankroll both favored warlords and Western-educated middle-class politicians · Sun Yat-sen o Headed Revolutionary Alliance § Loose coalition of anti-Qing political groups that spearheaded 1911 revolt § Had little power and virtually no popular support outside urban trading centers o Conceded this reality when he resigned from acting presidency of northern warlord Yuan Shikai o Yuan = appeared to have best chance to unify China under one single government o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Li Dazhao § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Reworked Marxist ideology to fit China’s situation
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 6pt 0in 0pt;">Whampoa Military Academy - gave Nationalist party military political maneuvering.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 6pt 0in 0pt;">headed by Chiang Kai-shek a military officier who had aspirations for power.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">death of Sun Yat-sen = Chiang Kai-shek seizing power = Long March in 1934 of opposition (Mao Zedong) = solidifying Mao Zedong's leadership in the Chinese communism.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Mao’s China and Beyond 823-830
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Mao came into power
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Domestic insights
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Priority = social revolution
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">China = land of small peasants
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Communist planners = rapid industrialization, state planning/centralization = stressed
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Didn’t support urban-industrial focus and chose to push Mass line approach which began with formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Mao didn't support this urban-industrial focus and chose to push the Mass line approach which would begin with the formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Great Leap Forward = pushed small scale projects onto peasant communities
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Tractors, cement for irrigator projects, manufactures needed by peasants but peasants resisted collectivization
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Abuse of communist leaders and lack of output for factories and drought = leap backward
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">China’s national productivity = VV
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Mao = lose position as state chairman
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Women like Jiang Wing, wife to Mao Zedong = led into communist camp by revolution
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Women = served as teachers, nurses, spies, truck drivers, laborers on projects but 1970s traditional attitude = resurfaced and women = required to return to more traditional roles like family, cooking, etc.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Cultural Revolution
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Assault on capitalist roaders
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Mass student demonstrations
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Red Guard student brigade
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.25pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Political rivals and bureaucrats = publicly ridiculed

6. Read add take __brief__ notes on //Democratic Protest and Repression in China// 848-849 – Answer the questions at the end of the document (5 points)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Democratic Protest and Repression in China <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- June 4th 1989: Chinese troops marched on political protesters; Tiananmen Square <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Protesters = anti Communist <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Military = killed hundreds o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Speech on Chinese Television § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Many student demonstrations, ^^ § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Public security = VV   § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Government = taken all measures to protect students but students did not stop and crowds = dangerous, if failure to stop incident continues, § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Basically, defending government actions, saying that it was the last measure § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. He objects the protest movement because overall, it is an inconvenience to the Chinese government (as any protest would do), it creates domestic disturbances and makes the government look weak. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. That if they don’t stop the protests, it will escalate into something bigger, and that it is for the citizens safety that they stop the protests. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Communist values = government is weak if they allow students to continue demonstrations, also the government has total power. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Democracy = a voice for the people, which could lead to reforms and the uprising and takeover of their communist government.

7. Complete a leadership analysis on Mao Zedong (5 points)

Mao Zedong || 1893 - 1976 || Title: State Chairman and head of the Communist Party || China || Years in Power: 1954 - 1976 ||
 * Name of Leader:
 * Lifespan:
 * Country/region:
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power


 * Mandate of China = threatened by Japan
 * China = fought over by different parties, struggles ensued in taking over China after the fall of the Qing dynasty
 * Guomindang ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:


 * Zedong wanted China to be wholly communist, and did everything in power to expel any anti-communist forces/influence (Chiang)
 * Mao Zedong turned to the peasantry, major component of population in China ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power


 * Wife = introduced to communist camps because of revolution and women equality = ^^
 * Great Leap Forward.
 * Cultural Revolution.
 * China = industrialized ||
 * Short-Term effects:


 * Famine/disease
 * Collectivization
 * Women rights || Long-Term Effects


 * Foreign diplomacy, United States
 * People’s Republic of China.
 * Nuclear bomb ||

8. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points)** Chinese politics in the 1914 to the present maintained a strong bureaucratic government, and in that sense made communism particularly successful incorporated capitalism.
 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present

Between 1914 to today, China experienced many changes in its political structure. The most important changes were the collapse of the Qing empire, ty <span style="border-bottom: 1.5pt solid; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; display: block; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">Chinese society transformed into a highly industrialized urban society and women gained rights for a temporary period of time but then reverted to more traditional rights.
 * Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present

** Comparison **

Write an outline in the structure provided for the two essays below – You will receive a score based on the AP rubric. This part will be a quiz grade

**9. Essay 1: Compare 20th Century political developments in China and Russia.**

__ Thesis Statement: __ Russia and China started as communist governments but while China remained a totalitarian government, Russia transformed into a democracy.

__Topic Sentence #1:__ (Must indicate what you will be comparing/contrasting) - Russia and China in the beginning had communist governments. __Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis__ - Russia and China developed into communist governments [?] *confused - Communist Revolutions in Russia and Japan = took place - Russia = October Revolution, Lenin = leader __Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence/ Analysis of Direct Comparison__ Great Leap Forward and Five Year Plan - eliminated threats to communism - both = united in efforts to industrialize to catch up to other nations Mao’s Little Red Book and New Economic Policy - gained trust of people, to take control, totalitarian Stalin/Lenin and Mao Zhedong - Communist leaders

__Topic Sentence #2:__ China remained communist while Russia transformed into a liberal democracy Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis __Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence____/Analysis of Direct Comparison__ Russian communism found several leaders while China only had one main one, didn’t have chance to pass on legacy. Overthrow of government = led to new leader, Gorbachev - Lenin, Stalin, + Kruschev, Gorbachev vs. Zhedong China = centralized government, Russia less so, communism = able to easily survive - Russia’s economy could not survive under Communism. (ex. Famine), but China = incorporated capitalist ideologies and made it work

**10. Essay 2: Compare and Contrast 20th Social developments in China and Russia. Be sure to discuss the changing roles of women**

__Thesis Statement:__ Although women’s roles in 20th century China and Russia have improved, Russia has maintained social equality while China is lacking.

__Topic Sentence #1: (Must indicate what you will be comparing/contrasting)__ Post World Wars I and II, the role of women in China and Russia = ^^. Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis - World Wars I&II = put all the men away from home, spots must be filled by women. - 1900s, footbinding/arranged marriages = outlawd in China -Russian women = allowed into workforce, maternal leave __Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence/Analysis of Direct Comparison__ Russia vs. Germany and China vs. Japan in WW’s - Both countries were directly involved in the World Wars, Russia’s Red Army while China and Japan = fiercely battled. Left a big gap at “home”, women = clerical positions, nurses, educators.

__Topic Sentence #2:__ Russia was able to maintain social equality for woman far past the post WWII era, however the social status of women in China reverted to more traditional values. __Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis__ __Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence/ Analysis of Direct Comparison__ Russia 1917 = women right to vote, China = women go back to housekeeping roles <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">- The status of women was temporarily “equalized” in China because of the absence of men to fill in the roles, and as soon as men came back, spots were filled up and women went back to their original spots. However, in Russia this was not the case and women were allowed to keep their newly gained rights.