Africa

Notes **p666-669** (Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa), **p723 - p.727** (Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa) **p. 804 - p.806** (The Apartheid State and its Demise

THE BEGINNINGS OF THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE IN AFRICA · Most of Africa = under European control in decades before outbreak of World War I  · Like India, Western-educated Africans = loyal to British/French · War effort seriously disrupted newly colonized African societies and Africans suffered (shipping shortages, decline in crops, etc.) · Europeans kept few promises · Discouraged Western-educated politicians although did not link up with urban workers/peasants in colonies until 1940s, in the 1920s/1930s they began to organize o W.E.B. Du Bois o Marcus Garvey · Pan-African organizations · Negritude literary movement o Combated racial stereotyping o Leopold Sedar Senghor § Senegalese poet § Argued that African peoples = built societies where women = freer and attitudes toward sex were far healthier than they had ever been in the so-called civilized West.

THE LIBERATION OF NONSETTLER AFRICA · WWII = more disruptive to colonial order on Africa · Africans = witnessed British and French defeats in Middle East and southeast Asia · Increase in demand for vegetable oils, minerals, in western South/Central Africa = growing migration of African peasants to towns; urban growth · Paths of decolonization o Kwame Nkrumah § Epitomized more radical sort of African leader that surfaced throughout Africa after he war § Educated in African missionary schools § Established wide contacts with nationalist leaders in British and French West Africa and civil rights leaders in America § Created Convention Peoples Party · Western educated African leaders = slow to organize these dissented groups into sustained mass movement · Educated Africans = ^ role in legislative bodies · Independence of British nonsettler colonies in Black Africa by mid 1900s

REPRESSION AND GUERILLA WAR: THE STRUGGLE FOR THE SETTLER COLONIES · Kenya African Union o Underground organized coalesced around group of more radical leaders o Nationalist party · Land Freedom Army (1950s) o Radicals mounted campaign of terror and guerilla warfare against British and Africans considered collaborators o Military movement defeated by 1956 but costs thousands of lives o British now in mood to negotiate with colonists · National Liberation Front o Mobilized large segments of Arab and Berber population of colony in full scale revolt against French rule and settler dominance o High ranking French army officers = see defeat of movement as chance to restore by reputation badly tarnished by Vietnam

THE PERSISTENCE OF WHITE SUPREMACY IN SOUTH AFRICA · Violent revolutions -= put end to white settler dominance in Portuguese colonies · South Africa = where white minority = managed to maintain position of supremacy · Afrikamer National Party o Internal political control o Turned over fat of black African majority to openly racist supremacist Afrikaners o Emerged as majority party in all-white South African legislature o Devoted itself to winning complete independence from Britain § Artheid · Rigid system of racial segregation

- Nov. 1 1954 guerillas launched attacks in various parts of Algeria - Secret army organizations - Algerian nationalism = rose in between world war I and world war II ; Algerian intellectuals - 14 points – Wilson - Continuous conflict with NLF and French politicians || - Leaders in secret army organizations - Charles de Gaule – president during Algerian revolution and pushed for reform to aid country - Believed there should be equal rights between Europeans and Muslims - Abdelhamid Ben Badis – figure of the Islamic reform movements in Algeria - 1931 founded the Association of Muslim Algerian Ulema || - Algeria was a one-party socialist state run by the National Liberation Front but then amended the constitution in 1989 to introduce a multi party system || - economy = based on exportation of slaves || - Holden Alvaro Roberto - first attack on POrtugese, founded Angola's first nationalist movement in 1956 and was one the key leaderes in settling treaty with ... || Angola = nation plagued by war and guerilla wars || - corruption by presidents || - World War veterans, racism by Europeans || - Big Six nationalist leaders - Nkrumah – believed African countries could have their own identities || - overall successful - ^ literacy rate <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- mix of western <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">And traditional culture || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">People of Kenya = upset because British = ran their politics, they had no say in politics and took up all their land <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Kenya African Union = leading nationalist party in Kenya and used a non-violent approach to end British Control <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Modernization = patriarchal extended family <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Subsistence economic system increased movement <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Limitation of Action act – 1968 – sought to modernize traditional land ownership and use <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- ALL ABOUT THE LAND! || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Current president <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Wanted to improve the economy and combat corruption and improve education <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Jomo Kenyatta – pres from 196t4-1978 – non violence, Land Freedom Army against British || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Government = similar to United States; democracy <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Cabinet = puppets for other people <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- People fighting each other <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Economically = BAD || - started many guerilla wars, violence = only answer since white minority = ignored blacks attempts at reform - literacy movement - forced labor, confiscation of crops and minerals; inflation || Nelson Mandela - shipped off to prison to help get rid of apartheid system
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Nation || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Date || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Colonial Power || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Nature of Movement || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Key Leader(s) || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Success? ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Algeria ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- French settler colony || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Part of Turkish ottoman Empire
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Angola ||  ||   || - formed as slave colony in 15th century by Portugal
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Belgian Congo ||  ||   || - became Democratic REpublic of Congo ||   || - developed, social unrest
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Ghana || March || - British || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- saw the weaknesses of the British
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Guinea ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Kenya || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">12/12/1963 ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1895 – took over Africa; Berlin Conference
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Madagascar ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">South Africa || May 3, 1910 || British colonies || - very violent

Jacob Zuma (current president) || - successful -god rid of apartheid system || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Only white minority = represnted ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- A lot of corruption <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Education = vv, no money <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- A lot of droughts <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Embargos placed by US and Eurpopeans because they do not agree with the govt ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Zimbabwe ||  ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Travel bans

Nancy Chung Mr. Green A.P. World History 9 Apr 2011 Africa: Post Independence Most African countries post independence faced the struggles of having to re-establish a new form of government and survive without the aid of imperial powers. Most African countries in the independence movements such as Algeria, Angola, the Belgian Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Guinea, Madagascar, South Africa, and Zimbabwe overall achieved the success of gaining their independence but most of these countries faced the problem of political corruption and authoritarian governments soon after their independence. Without the aid from imperial powers, many new found independent African countries faced economic disasters because they had no money to fund new projects within their countries. Although several countries attempted independence in peaceful ways, it was inevitable as the colonial powers would not give them such privileges. Even after African countries gained their independence, wars continued to plague the new countries as military dictators and guerrilla groups came to dominate powerful roles. There was overall social unrest as numerous political opposition groups sprouted. Overall, even though all the African countries were successful at gaining their independence, many countries faced problems such as ongoing warfare, political corruption, and economical disaster.